Magnets zvinhu zvinonakidza zvakatora fungidziro yemunhu kwemazana emakore.Kubva kuvaGiriki vekare kusvika kumasayendisiti emazuva ano, vanhu vave vachishamiswa nemashandire anoita magineti uye mashandisirwo awo akawanda.Magineti echigarire imhando yemagineti inochengeta zvimiro zvayo zvemagineti kunyangwe isiri pamberi penzvimbo yemagineti yekunze. tichaongorora sainzi iri seri kwemagineti echigarire uye magineti minda, kusanganisira maumbirwo awo, zvivakwa, uye mashandisirwo.
Chikamu 1: Chii chinonzi Magnetism?
Magnetism inoreva pfuma yezvimwe zvinhu zvinovabvumira kukwezva kana kudzinga zvimwe zvinhu zvine simba remagineti.Zvinhu izvi zvinonzi zvine magineti kana kuti zvine magineti.
Magnetic zvinhu zvinoratidzwa nekuvapo kwemagineti domains, ari madiki diki matunhu umo magineti minda yemaatomu ega anoenderana.Kana aya madomasi akanyatsoenderana, anogadzira macroscopic magineti anogona kuonekwa kunze kwezvinhu.
Magnetic zvinhu zvinogona kuiswa muzvikamu zviviri: ferromagnetic uye paramagnetic.Ferromagnetic zvinhu zvine simba remagineti, uye zvinosanganisira iron, nickel, uye cobalt.Vanokwanisa kuchengetedza magineti yavo kunyange kana pasina kunze kwemagineti.Paramagnetic zvinhu, kune rumwe rutivi, hazvina simba remagineti uye zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakaita sealuminium neplatinamu.Vanongoratidzira magineti maitiro kana vachiiswa kune yekunze magineti.
Magnetism ine akawanda anoshanda maapplication muhupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese, kusanganisira mumamota emagetsi, jenareta, uye ma transformer.Magnetic zvinhu zvinoshandiswawo mumidziyo yekuchengetedza data senge ma hard drive, uye mune zvekurapa zvekufungidzira matekinoroji senge magineti resonance imaging (MRI).
Chikamu 2: Magnetic Fields
Magnetic fields chinhu chakakosha chemagnetism uye inotsanangura nzvimbo yakatenderedza magineti kana waya inotakura ikozvino panogona kuonekwa simba remagineti.Iyi minda haioneki, asi mhedzisiro yavo inogona kucherechedzwa kuburikidza nekufamba kwemagineti zvinhu kana kusangana pakati pemagineti nemagetsi minda.
Magnetic fields anogadzirwa nekufamba kwemachaji emagetsi, sekuyerera kwemaerekitironi muwaya kana kutenderera kwemaerekitironi muatomu.Kutungamira uye kusimba kwesimba remagineti kunotsanangurwa nekutarisa uye kufamba kwezvipo izvi.Semuenzaniso, mune magineti ebha, iyo magineti yakasimba pamatanda uye isina kusimba pakati, uye kutungamira kwemunda kunobva kuNorth pole kusvika kuSouth pole.
Simba remagineti rinowanzo kuyerwa muzvikamu zve tesla (T) kana gauss (G), uye mafambiro emunda anogona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa mutemo werudyi, unoti kana chigunwe cheruoko rwerudyi chakanongedza mukati. kutungamira kwezvino, ipapo zvigunwe zvichapeta munzira yemagnetic field.
Magnetic minda ine akawanda anoshanda maapplication, anosanganisira mumamotor nemajenareta, magineti resonance imaging (MRI) michina, uye mumidziyo yekuchengetera data senge ma hard drive.Iwo zvakare anoshandiswa muakasiyana esainzi uye einjiniya maapplication, senge mune particle accelerators uye magineti levitation zvitima.
Kunzwisisa maitiro uye zvimiro zvemagineti minda kwakakosha kune akawanda minda yekufunda, kusanganisira electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, uye zvinhu zvesainzi.
Chikamu 3: Kuumbwa kweMagineti Asingagumi
Magineti echigarire, anozivikanwawo se "permanent magnetic material" kana "permanent magnet material," anowanzo kuumbwa nemusanganiswa weferromagnetic kana ferrimagnetic zvinhu.Zvishandiso izvi zvinosarudzirwa kugona kwavo kuchengetedza magineti, zvichivabvumira kuburitsa inopindirana magineti nekufamba kwenguva.
Izvo zvakanyanya ferromagnetic zvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumagineti echigarire isimbi, nickel, uye cobalt, iyo inogona kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu kuvandudza yavo magineti.Semuenzaniso, neodymium magineti imhando isingawanzo-yepasi magineti inoumbwa neodymium, iron, uye boron, nepo samarium cobalt magineti anoumbwa nesamarium, cobalt, iron, uye mhangura.
Kuumbwa kwemagineti echigarire kunogona zvakare kupesvedzerwa nezvinhu zvakaita setembiricha paachazoshandiswa, simba rinodiwa uye gwara remagineti, uye chinangwa chekushandisa.Semuenzaniso, mamwe magineti anogona kugadzirwa kuti akwanise kushingirira tembiricha yakakwira, nepo mamwe anogona kugadzirwa kuti abudise simba remagineti mune imwe nzira.
Pamusoro pezvinhu zvavo zvekutanga zvemagineti, magineti echigarire anogonawo kusanganisira machira kana machira ekudzivirira kudzivirira kukoromoka kana kukuvadzwa, pamwe nekugadzira uye machining kugadzira chaiwo maumbirwo uye hukuru hwekushandisa mukushandisa kwakasiyana.
Chikamu 4: Mhando dzePermanent Magnets
Magineti echigarire anogona kuiswa mumhando dzinoverengeka zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwawo, magineti zvivakwa, uye maitiro ekugadzira.Heano mamwe emhando dzakajairika dzechigarire magineti:
1.Neodymium magineti: Aya magineti epasi asingawanzo kugadzirwa anoumbwa neodymium, iron, uye boron, uye ndiwo akasimba emhando yemagineti anogara aripo.Iwo ane simba remagineti yakakura uye anogona kushandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa, kusanganisira mota, majenareta, uye michina yekurapa.
2.Samarium cobalt magineti: Aya magineti epasi asingawanzo akaumbwa nesamarium, cobalt, iron, uye mhangura, uye anozivikanwa nekudzikama kwekupisa uye kusagadzikana kwekuora.Iwo anoshandiswa mukushandisa senge aerospace uye kudzivirira, uye mune yakakwirira-inoshanda mota uye jenareta.
3.Ferrite magineti: Anozivikanwawo semagineti e ceramic, magineti eferrite anoumbwa nezvinhu zveceramic zvakasanganiswa nesimbi oxide.Iwo ane simba remagineti rakaderera pane isingawanzo gineti epasi, asi anodhura uye anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukushandisa senge vatauri, mota, uye magineti efiriji.
4.Alnico magineti: Aya magineti anoumbwa nealuminium, nickel, uye cobalt, uye anozivikanwa nepamusoro pesimba remagineti uye kugadzikana kwekushisa.Iwo anowanzo shandiswa mumaindasitiri ekushandisa senge sensors, metres, uye emagetsi mota.
5.Bonded magineti: Aya magineti anogadzirwa nekusanganisa magineti poda ine binder, uye anogona kugadzirwa mumhando dzakaoma uye saizi.Iwo anowanzo shandiswa mumashandisirwo akadai semasensa, zvikamu zvemotokari, uye michina yekurapa.
Sarudzo yerudzi rwemagineti yekusingaperi zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa, kusanganisira iyo inodiwa simba remagineti, kugadzikana kwekushisa, mutengo, uye zvipingaidzo zvekugadzira.
Chikamu 5: Magnets Anoshanda Sei?
Magnets anoshanda nekugadzira magineti anodyidzana nemamwe magineti zvinhu kana nemagetsi emagetsi.Iyo magineti inogadzirwa nekurongeka kweiyo magineti nguva muzvinhu, izvo zvidiki kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba matanda anoburitsa simba remagineti.
Mune magineti echigarire, senge bar magnet, nguva dzemagineti dzakarongedzerwa munzira yakati, saka iyo magineti yakasimba pamatanda uye isina kusimba pakati.Kana yaiswa pedyo nechinhu chine magineti, simba remagineti rinoshandisa simba pazvinhu, zvichikwezva kana kudzoreredza zvinoenderana nekwakange kwaita magineti nguva.
Mune electromagnet, simba remagineti rinogadzirwa nemagetsi anoyerera kuburikidza nekoiri yewaya.Ikozvino yemagetsi inogadzira magnetic field iyo inotenderera kune kutungamira kwekuyerera kwezvino, uye simba remagineti rinogona kudzorwa nekugadzirisa chiyero chezvino chinoyerera kuburikidza necoil.Electromagnets anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumashandisirwo akadai semotor, vatauri, uye majenareta.
Iko kudyidzana pakati pemagineti minda uye magetsi emagetsi zvakare hwaro hwezvakawanda zvetekinoroji zvikumbiro, kusanganisira majenareta, ma transformer, uye emagetsi mota.Mune jenareta, semuenzaniso, kutenderera kwemagineti pedyo nekoiri yewaya kunoita kuti pave nemagetsi muwaya, ayo anogona kushandiswa kugadzira simba remagetsi.Mumota yemagetsi, kudyidzana kuri pakati pesimba remagineti emota uye ikozvino inoyerera nemucoil yewaya kunogadzira torque inotyaira kutenderera kwemota.
Zvinoenderana nehunhu uhu, isu tinokwanisa kugadzira yakakosha magineti pole kurongedzerwa kusimudzira simba remagineti munzvimbo yakakosha panguva yebasa, senge Halbeck.
Nguva yekutumira: Mar-24-2023